Source
Schon am frühen nächsten Vormittag war der erste Punkt unseres Besichtigungsprogramms angesagt, der in die Burg und Festung von Klis führen sollte. In der wechselhaften Geschichte Splits und Umgebung hatte die Festung immer eine entscheidende Rolle gespielt, denn sie war zunächst zu passieren, wenn man vom Hinterland zur Küste wollte.
Friday, 18 May 2018
Pevnosť Klis v Chorváts
Source
Posledná aktualizácia: štvrtok, 30. máj 2013, 18:31
Prečítané: 5276x
Pevnosť či hrad. Vždy som mal predstavu, že hrad je na kopci a pevnosť na rovine, ale zrejme sa mýlim, Klis sa spomína len ako pevnosť, nachádza sa v sedle medzi pohoriami Kozjak a Mosor, na hrebeni skalnatej vyvýšeniny, ako skutočné orlie hniezdo. Natiahnutá do dĺžky okolo 300 metrov pôsobí pri pohľade zo severozápadnej, alebo juhovýchodnej strany impozantne. Ak ste niekedy prichádzali do Splitu po serpentínach a cez tunely od Dugopolja, nemohli ste si Klis nevšimnúť.
Posledná aktualizácia: štvrtok, 30. máj 2013, 18:31
Prečítané: 5276x
Pevnosť či hrad. Vždy som mal predstavu, že hrad je na kopci a pevnosť na rovine, ale zrejme sa mýlim, Klis sa spomína len ako pevnosť, nachádza sa v sedle medzi pohoriami Kozjak a Mosor, na hrebeni skalnatej vyvýšeniny, ako skutočné orlie hniezdo. Natiahnutá do dĺžky okolo 300 metrov pôsobí pri pohľade zo severozápadnej, alebo juhovýchodnej strany impozantne. Ak ste niekedy prichádzali do Splitu po serpentínach a cez tunely od Dugopolja, nemohli ste si Klis nevšimnúť.
Senjski uskoci: pomorske operacije
Source
Posted on 19/05/2007 by Dinko Odak in Hrvatska u novom vijeku
Sadrzaj clanka:
1 Pojava uskoka
2 Bitka za Klis 1596.
3 Obnova gusarenja
4 Komesar Josip Rabata
5 Povratak uskoka
6 Novi poduhvati i njihove međunarodne implikacije
7 Cilj: Skradin
8 Kopar – Kotor
9 Kraj puta senjskih uskoka
10 IZVORI:
Od početka XV. Stoljeća, pa do druge polovice XVI st. Venecija je bila suveren Jadranskog mora. Smatrala ga je svojim morem, a realno – tako i je bilo. Velika geografska otkrića su oslabila položaj Venecije, ali ona je još uvijek bila najjača pomorska sila Sredozemlja. Tada se pojavio protivnik kakvog Mlečani niti u snovima nisu mogli zamisliti – uskoci. Sukob s malobrojnim ratnicima iz Senja potrajao je 70 godina i koštao Veneciju puno novaca, a što je možda važnije, i puno prestiža.
Belagerung von Klis
Source
Frederick Seiler Kann 20, 2016 B 6 0
Die Belagerung von Klis oder Schlacht von Klis war eine Belagerung von Klis Fortress im Königreich Kroatien im Habsburgermonarchie. Die Belagerung der Festung, die für mehr als zwei Jahrzehnte dauerte, und die letzte Schlacht in der Nähe von Klis 1537 wurden als Teil des Osmanischen-Habsburg Kriege zwischen den Titelverteidiger-Kroatisch-habsburgischen Streitkräfte unter der Führung des kroatischen Feudalherr Petar Kružić gekämpft und die angreifende osmanischen Armee unter der Führung des Osmanischen allgemeinen Murat-beg Tardić.
Frederick Seiler Kann 20, 2016 B 6 0
Die Belagerung von Klis oder Schlacht von Klis war eine Belagerung von Klis Fortress im Königreich Kroatien im Habsburgermonarchie. Die Belagerung der Festung, die für mehr als zwei Jahrzehnte dauerte, und die letzte Schlacht in der Nähe von Klis 1537 wurden als Teil des Osmanischen-Habsburg Kriege zwischen den Titelverteidiger-Kroatisch-habsburgischen Streitkräfte unter der Führung des kroatischen Feudalherr Petar Kružić gekämpft und die angreifende osmanischen Armee unter der Führung des Osmanischen allgemeinen Murat-beg Tardić.
Klis - Povijest
Source: Klis.hr
Geološke osobine šire kliške okoline karakterizira sedlasta konfiguracija planinskoga grebena koja je veza između Mosora s istočne strane i Kozjaka sa zapadne strane, planinâ prvog Dinarskog niza. Temeljne litološke članove na kliškim lokacijama sačinjavaju vapnenci, vapneni pješčenjaci, vapnene breče te lapori s više ili manje kalcitne komponente dok su u krovini produkti raspadanja osnovne stijene. Tla su raspoređena na terasastim padinama koja su dijelom obrađena (vinogradi i druge poljoprivredne površine), a uz rubove terasastih polja smještena su naselja: Rupotina (Gornja i Donja), Megdan, Belimovača, Grlo, Brdo, Kurtovići, Ozrna (Gornja, Srednja i Donja), Varoš, Kosa i Majdan.
PROŠLOST KLISA – uvod
Većina autora, pišući o Klisu, ili, pak, o tvrđavi Klis pišu o “nepristupačnoj hridini… između Kozjaka i Mosora”, a Lovre Katić piše o narodnoj predaji po kojoj je neka kraljica motreći Klis uskliknula “Lijepa li konja, da je još sedlo na njemu!”, a ovo sedlo, odnosno nepristupačna hridina smještena je na 43° 25′ sjeverne zemljopisne širine i 16° 23′ istočne zemljopisne dužine.Geološke osobine šire kliške okoline karakterizira sedlasta konfiguracija planinskoga grebena koja je veza između Mosora s istočne strane i Kozjaka sa zapadne strane, planinâ prvog Dinarskog niza. Temeljne litološke članove na kliškim lokacijama sačinjavaju vapnenci, vapneni pješčenjaci, vapnene breče te lapori s više ili manje kalcitne komponente dok su u krovini produkti raspadanja osnovne stijene. Tla su raspoređena na terasastim padinama koja su dijelom obrađena (vinogradi i druge poljoprivredne površine), a uz rubove terasastih polja smještena su naselja: Rupotina (Gornja i Donja), Megdan, Belimovača, Grlo, Brdo, Kurtovići, Ozrna (Gornja, Srednja i Donja), Varoš, Kosa i Majdan.
Thursday, 17 May 2018
Graditelj Trsatskih stuba Petar Kružić izgubio glavu
Source
Kapela sv. Nikole iz Poincareova albuma
Raymond Poincaré, premijer i francuski predsjednik, putujući početkom 20. stoljeća našim krajevima, boravio je i na Trsatu. Fotografija kapele sv. Nikole na Kružićevim stubama iz njegovog je albuma
Piše: Goran Moravček
Stube, kojima se hodočasnici stoljećima uspinju moleći zagovor Gospe Trsatske, nose ime Patre Kružića. Branitelj Klisa, utvrde iznad Splita koja je od turskih nadiranja čuvala južnu Hrvatsku, poginuo je na današnji dan, 12. ožujka 1537. Bio je jedan od najvećih junaka u hrvatskoj povijesti. Turci su mu odrubili glavu nakon presudne bitke za klišku utvrdu, te su je za 1000 dukata prodali njegovoj sestri Katarini. Ona je bratovu glavu sahranila u crkvi Gospe Trsatske pod oltarom sv. Petra. Na nadgrobnoj ploči latinskim jezikom je zapisano: “Ovdje se čuva sahranjena glava znamenitog kliškog junaka Petra Kružića † 1537”.
Kapela sv. Nikole iz Poincareova albuma
Raymond Poincaré, premijer i francuski predsjednik, putujući početkom 20. stoljeća našim krajevima, boravio je i na Trsatu. Fotografija kapele sv. Nikole na Kružićevim stubama iz njegovog je albuma
Piše: Goran Moravček
Stube, kojima se hodočasnici stoljećima uspinju moleći zagovor Gospe Trsatske, nose ime Patre Kružića. Branitelj Klisa, utvrde iznad Splita koja je od turskih nadiranja čuvala južnu Hrvatsku, poginuo je na današnji dan, 12. ožujka 1537. Bio je jedan od najvećih junaka u hrvatskoj povijesti. Turci su mu odrubili glavu nakon presudne bitke za klišku utvrdu, te su je za 1000 dukata prodali njegovoj sestri Katarini. Ona je bratovu glavu sahranila u crkvi Gospe Trsatske pod oltarom sv. Petra. Na nadgrobnoj ploči latinskim jezikom je zapisano: “Ovdje se čuva sahranjena glava znamenitog kliškog junaka Petra Kružića † 1537”.
Duel between Miloš Parižević and a Turk Bakota at Klis
The fortress-town of Klis was found north of Split on the top of a steep, rocky mountain, inaccessible from all sides. Since the time of king Trpimir in the 8th century many battles have been fought to control the "Door to Bosnia" (or to Dalmatia from the other perspective). Due to its importance the Venetians wanted it and the Turks wanted it but they could not take it. The defensive position had such great advantage, that with a handful of brave soldiers and entire army could be stopped from advancing. Klis stood strong above Solin and Split watching and protecting. Many great battles against the Ottomans were fought, many pages of heroic actions written and many legends have entered the Croatian national soul.
Siege of Klis 1537
Source
Klis (thought to be from the Latin clavis meaning 'key') is a village in Croatia 9km north east of Split. It is dominated by a medieval fortress commanding the Klis Pass which is the main route from Split to the Dalmatian hinterland and the town of Sinj (not to be confused with Senj, the Uskoks main base). The earliest records date from 852 when it was a fortified administrative centre for Croatian princes. The medieval castle was improved by local stone masons during the 15th century as the Turkish threat increased.
In the early 1500's it was at the border between Croatia, Venetian Dalmatia and the expanding Ottoman Empire. In 1522 the Imperial Diet awarded a number of border fortresses including Klis to the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand who five years later was elected King of Croatia. The Military Frontier was organised into Captaincies whose leaders commanded the military colonists, regular troops and the fortresses. The regular standing force of mercenaries rarely exceeded 500 men which left the bulk of the defence to the colonists.
A significant group of colonists were refugees from Ottoman areas crossing the border and reaching agreement on their conditions of service with Habsburg frontier officials. Known as Uskoks, many of them were Vlachs who had lost their privileges as Christian irregulars fighting for the Ottomans and crossed the border in return for similar rights under the Habsburgs. Essentially they provided military service rather than paying taxes and other forms of rent. They supplemented their income by trading and raiding.
By 1527 the Ottoman advance had swept north of Klis leaving it isolated from the rest of the frontier and in particular from their main base at Senj. Uskoks became the mainstay of garrison during this period and in 1535 one of Captain Petar Kruzic's Vice Captains was the Uskok, Toma Gvozdenic.
Kruzic regularly urged funds and supplies for the Klis garrison. In 1528 the regular garrison of 50 soldiers had not been paid for nine months and in 1531 he refused to return to the fortress until they were paid, fearing for his life. The Venetian's in Split described Klis and its port at Solin as "Places of the greatest importance and highly valued as being on the pass into Turkish territory and the gates to Trogir and Split", however, Klis was "in the very worst condition, in men, supplies and everything else, so that it is in the most manifest danger."
Despite these difficulties Uskoks and regular troops took part in raids into Ottoman territory. Most notably in 1532 when supported by troops from Senj they destroyed the new Ottoman fortifications in the small port in Solin which had supplied Klis. These raids also disrupted Venetian trade with the Ottomans which ensured little Venetian help for the garrison when they needed it.
The final siege began late in 1536 almost by accident. The Ottoman Sultan, Suleyman I the Magnificent had entered into an alliance with the French. French troops advanced into northern Italy to take Milan and Genoa whilst the Ottomans would land in southern Italy. The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa raided Habsburg lands in the western and central Mediterranean during the summer then returned to join the Sultan who was leading an army of 300,000 towards Albania with the intention that the fleet would transport them to Italy. However, the French caved in to Papal pressure and withdrew leaving Suleyman with an army without an objective. As a consequence he advanced up the Adriatic coast and one force was left to besiege Klis.
Details of the siege itself are sparse and largely based on heroic ballads or less than reliable Venetian accounts. We know it lasted for about a year and a major cause of its final surrender appears to be instructions from the Venetian senate to the authorities in Split not to give aid. An inspection of the fortress today gives the impression of a castle virtually impregnable to direct assault although the walls owe more to later Turkish improvements. The ballads tell of many sorties by the garrison including single combats. A Venetian account tells of Kruzic's page, Milos cutting down a giant Turkish warrior called Bagora in a David and Goliath type struggle. The end came soon after Kruzic himself was captured and killed in a sortie. After his head was placed on a pole a negotiated surrender was achieved under which the garrison were allowed to withdraw.
Most of the garrison went to Senj although the muster roll of the Venetian Split militia show a number of Klis recruits for that year. Ironically the Venetians needed them as war broke out with the Ottomans in the same year. The Uskoks briefly recaptured Klis in 1596 by bribing the garrison. However, the overland relief column was defeated and the Venetians stopped supplies reaching them. Klis was eventually recaptured by the Venetians in 1648.
For further details of the Uskoks and in particular their later adventures, there is an excellent one volume history 'The Uskoks of Senj' by Wendy Bracewell. For a brief overview see The Uskoks by the editor published in Miniature Wargames No 196 Sept. 1999. A DBR army list is published on this site together with a bibliography.
The castle is currently being restored (hopefully not too much) and is well worth a visit. Most of the walls are intact although they were substantially rebuilt by the Turks and then the Venetians, in several layers. Although the plaque does not mention the Uskoks the locals haven't forgotten them. The village football team is called NK Uskok!
Klis (thought to be from the Latin clavis meaning 'key') is a village in Croatia 9km north east of Split. It is dominated by a medieval fortress commanding the Klis Pass which is the main route from Split to the Dalmatian hinterland and the town of Sinj (not to be confused with Senj, the Uskoks main base). The earliest records date from 852 when it was a fortified administrative centre for Croatian princes. The medieval castle was improved by local stone masons during the 15th century as the Turkish threat increased.
In the early 1500's it was at the border between Croatia, Venetian Dalmatia and the expanding Ottoman Empire. In 1522 the Imperial Diet awarded a number of border fortresses including Klis to the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand who five years later was elected King of Croatia. The Military Frontier was organised into Captaincies whose leaders commanded the military colonists, regular troops and the fortresses. The regular standing force of mercenaries rarely exceeded 500 men which left the bulk of the defence to the colonists.
A significant group of colonists were refugees from Ottoman areas crossing the border and reaching agreement on their conditions of service with Habsburg frontier officials. Known as Uskoks, many of them were Vlachs who had lost their privileges as Christian irregulars fighting for the Ottomans and crossed the border in return for similar rights under the Habsburgs. Essentially they provided military service rather than paying taxes and other forms of rent. They supplemented their income by trading and raiding.
By 1527 the Ottoman advance had swept north of Klis leaving it isolated from the rest of the frontier and in particular from their main base at Senj. Uskoks became the mainstay of garrison during this period and in 1535 one of Captain Petar Kruzic's Vice Captains was the Uskok, Toma Gvozdenic.
Kruzic regularly urged funds and supplies for the Klis garrison. In 1528 the regular garrison of 50 soldiers had not been paid for nine months and in 1531 he refused to return to the fortress until they were paid, fearing for his life. The Venetian's in Split described Klis and its port at Solin as "Places of the greatest importance and highly valued as being on the pass into Turkish territory and the gates to Trogir and Split", however, Klis was "in the very worst condition, in men, supplies and everything else, so that it is in the most manifest danger."
Despite these difficulties Uskoks and regular troops took part in raids into Ottoman territory. Most notably in 1532 when supported by troops from Senj they destroyed the new Ottoman fortifications in the small port in Solin which had supplied Klis. These raids also disrupted Venetian trade with the Ottomans which ensured little Venetian help for the garrison when they needed it.
The final siege began late in 1536 almost by accident. The Ottoman Sultan, Suleyman I the Magnificent had entered into an alliance with the French. French troops advanced into northern Italy to take Milan and Genoa whilst the Ottomans would land in southern Italy. The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa raided Habsburg lands in the western and central Mediterranean during the summer then returned to join the Sultan who was leading an army of 300,000 towards Albania with the intention that the fleet would transport them to Italy. However, the French caved in to Papal pressure and withdrew leaving Suleyman with an army without an objective. As a consequence he advanced up the Adriatic coast and one force was left to besiege Klis.
Details of the siege itself are sparse and largely based on heroic ballads or less than reliable Venetian accounts. We know it lasted for about a year and a major cause of its final surrender appears to be instructions from the Venetian senate to the authorities in Split not to give aid. An inspection of the fortress today gives the impression of a castle virtually impregnable to direct assault although the walls owe more to later Turkish improvements. The ballads tell of many sorties by the garrison including single combats. A Venetian account tells of Kruzic's page, Milos cutting down a giant Turkish warrior called Bagora in a David and Goliath type struggle. The end came soon after Kruzic himself was captured and killed in a sortie. After his head was placed on a pole a negotiated surrender was achieved under which the garrison were allowed to withdraw.
Most of the garrison went to Senj although the muster roll of the Venetian Split militia show a number of Klis recruits for that year. Ironically the Venetians needed them as war broke out with the Ottomans in the same year. The Uskoks briefly recaptured Klis in 1596 by bribing the garrison. However, the overland relief column was defeated and the Venetians stopped supplies reaching them. Klis was eventually recaptured by the Venetians in 1648.
For further details of the Uskoks and in particular their later adventures, there is an excellent one volume history 'The Uskoks of Senj' by Wendy Bracewell. For a brief overview see The Uskoks by the editor published in Miniature Wargames No 196 Sept. 1999. A DBR army list is published on this site together with a bibliography.
The castle is currently being restored (hopefully not too much) and is well worth a visit. Most of the walls are intact although they were substantially rebuilt by the Turks and then the Venetians, in several layers. Although the plaque does not mention the Uskoks the locals haven't forgotten them. The village football team is called NK Uskok!
Petar Kružić
Source
Petar Kružić bio je rodom iz mjesta Krug u Nebljuhu, distriktu Lapačke županije. No kasniji su ga kroničari, polihistoričari i povjesničari, najčešće iz lokalpatriotskih razloga, pokušavali prisvojiti i predstaviti kao jednog od svojih zemljaka jer je uživao nevjerojatnu popularnost kao protuosmanlijski borac, osobito u predjelima iz kojih su potekli branitelji Klisa.
Petar Kružić bio je rodom iz mjesta Krug u Nebljuhu, distriktu Lapačke županije. No kasniji su ga kroničari, polihistoričari i povjesničari, najčešće iz lokalpatriotskih razloga, pokušavali prisvojiti i predstaviti kao jednog od svojih zemljaka jer je uživao nevjerojatnu popularnost kao protuosmanlijski borac, osobito u predjelima iz kojih su potekli branitelji Klisa.
Tvrđava Splitsko-dalmatinske zupanije
Source: Dalmatinski portal
Turci su klišku tvrđavu osvojili tek nakon više desetaka napada, a Petru Kružiću su odrubili glavu kada je utvrdu probao osloboditi s 3500 plaćenika
Dalmatinski portal u suradnji s Turističkom zajednicom Splitsko-dalmatinske županije i konzervatorom Ivanom Aldukom donosi serijal o drevnim utvrdama
Kružićev Klis – uskočki Siget na Jadranu
Josip Vrandečić
Source: Matica Hrvatska
Uskoci su se na povijesnoj pozornici pojavili tijekom opsade Klisa, koja je sa sitnim prekidima trajala gotovo neprekidno od 1522. do 1537. godine. Smješten na živoj stijeni s pogledom na Split i otoke, Klis je za sveti rat na Balkanu značio ono što i Rod za čitav kršćanski Istok nakon što su križari napustili Svetu Zemlju. Nakon pada Roda 1522. Klis je ostao posljednji štit križarskoga kršćanstva i južnog dijela Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva, već naviknuo na desetljeća granične borbe s osmanskim valom. Za razliku od Roda i njihova novog utočišta Malte, koje su branile galije ivanovaca, Klis je ostao odvojen od mora, smješten između dviju sila Venecije i Osmanlija kojima je smetao i koje je izazivao.
KRUŽIĆ, Petar (Chruzich, Cruce, Crusich, Crusith, Krwsyth, de Croog, de Kroog; Pietro, Petrus),
KRUŽIĆ, Petar (Chruzich, Cruce, Crusich, Crusith, Krwsyth, de Croog, de Kroog; Pietro, Petrus),
Source: Hrvatski Biografski Leksikon
protuturski borac (?, o. 1490 — okolica Solina, 12. III. 1537). Niži plemić podrijetlom iz mjesta Krug (distrikt Nebljuh, Lapačka županija); stariji pisci držali su da je bio iz Lupoglava (J. W. Valvasor), Trsata (P. Vitezović Ritter), Poljica (A. Kačić Miošić), Zvečaja (R. Lopašić). Najranije mu djelovanje nije poznato; od 1513. bio je u konjaničkoj službi među braniteljima Klisa, neko vrijeme zarobljenik u Bosni, u drugoj pol. 1510-ih kapetan Klisa, a, prema I. T. Mrnaviću i J. Rattkayu, 1520. sudjelovao je u okršaju s Turcima na Vražjoj gori (Plješivica) te u presudnom trenutku odbio pomoći banu P. Berislaviću, koji je potom smrtno stradao.
Source: Hrvatski Biografski Leksikon
protuturski borac (?, o. 1490 — okolica Solina, 12. III. 1537). Niži plemić podrijetlom iz mjesta Krug (distrikt Nebljuh, Lapačka županija); stariji pisci držali su da je bio iz Lupoglava (J. W. Valvasor), Trsata (P. Vitezović Ritter), Poljica (A. Kačić Miošić), Zvečaja (R. Lopašić). Najranije mu djelovanje nije poznato; od 1513. bio je u konjaničkoj službi među braniteljima Klisa, neko vrijeme zarobljenik u Bosni, u drugoj pol. 1510-ih kapetan Klisa, a, prema I. T. Mrnaviću i J. Rattkayu, 1520. sudjelovao je u okršaju s Turcima na Vražjoj gori (Plješivica) te u presudnom trenutku odbio pomoći banu P. Berislaviću, koji je potom smrtno stradao.
Petar Kružić – heroj Klisa
Petar Kružić – heroj Klisa
Source: Hrvatski Vojnik
Hrvatski plemić koji je u prvoj polovini XVI. st. više od dvadeset godina branio usamljenu dalmatinsku utvrdu bio je čovjek iznimne hrabrosti. U akcijama nije bio sam, jer uvijek su ga pratili vjerni suborci. Žalosno je što nije uživao nikakvu pomoć, materijalnu ili duhovnu, kao ni naklonost bečkog dvora
Source: Hrvatski Vojnik
Hrvatski plemić koji je u prvoj polovini XVI. st. više od dvadeset godina branio usamljenu dalmatinsku utvrdu bio je čovjek iznimne hrabrosti. U akcijama nije bio sam, jer uvijek su ga pratili vjerni suborci. Žalosno je što nije uživao nikakvu pomoć, materijalnu ili duhovnu, kao ni naklonost bečkog dvora
Klis – tko je junak Petar Kružić i njegovi hrabri branitelji Klisa?
12. ožujka 1537.
Klis – tko je junak Petar Kružić i njegovi hrabri branitelji Klisa?
Piše: Petar Horvatić
12. ožujka 2018.
Na današnji dan 12. ožujka 1537., nakon više od 15 godina opsade i borbi muslimanska vojska uspjela je osvojiti hrvatsku utvrdu Klis iznad Splita. Srednjovjekovni Klis bio je sjedište hrvatske obrane protiv turskih osvajača.
Osvajanjem Klisa Turci su uspjeli zauzeti i Solin te prodrijeti preko Kaštela do Splita koji nisu nikada uspjeli osvojiti.
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